Effects of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation, Electrical Muscle Stimulation, Exercise and Heat on Back Pain-A Randomized Controlled Clinical Exploratory Trial.

Thorsten Schmidt, Sonja Kossiski, Hanna Kornprobst, Laura von Levern, Dominik M Schulte, Manon Sendel, Ralf Baron, Janne Gierthmühlen

European journal of pain (London, England)

2026

Journal Article, Randomized Controlled Trial

Humans, Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation, Female, Male, Middle Aged, Adult, Back Pain, Treatment Outcome, Exercise Therapy, Quality of Life, Hot Temperature, Pain Measurement, Combined Modality Therapy, Resistance Training